P30+Atomic+Physics

This ExploreLearning Gizmo allows the user to build elements using protons, neutrons, and electrons. As the number of subatomic particles changes, the name and symbol of the element; the Z, N, and A numbers; the electron dot diagram; family/group and period in the periodic table; and other information are provided. The resource includes an exploration guide and assessment questions. Web  Millikan Experiment Simulate the Millikan Oil Drop Experiment and determine the elementary charge. This applet may be used by itself or in conjunction with the accompanying lesson. Web/Video  Rutherford's Experiment Ernest Rutherford discovered that alpha particles passing through gold foil were deflected by a dense, positively-charged nucleus. Electrostatic forces within the atom, between the positively-charged nucleus and the negatively-charged electron, keep the electrons in orbit. Video (3 minutes)  The Atom (Series: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond) This video explores the discovery of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, when discoveries by Thomson and Rutherford changed the world of physics. Video (29 minutes)  Thomson Experiment <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">J.J. Thomson used the cathode ray tube to determine that discharged rays are made up of electrically-charged particles that can be deflected. The atom is thought of as a positive sphere with enough negative charge "stuck on” to make it electrically neutral. Video (2 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">The Hydrogen Atom <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Based on Newtonian physics and Maxwell's equations, Rutherford's planetary model suggests that electrons are constantly accelerating. Therefore, electrons should be emitting energy constantly over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Planck suggested that matter emits energy only in discrete bundles. Bohr suggested that the energy of an electron within an orbit is constant, and only when an electron jumps energy levels is energy absorbed or emitted. Video (7 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Bohr Model <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Niels Bohr introduced a model of the atom with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. The orbit of the electron was compared to the orbit of a planet around the Sun. Bohr's idea of electrons in distinct energy levels was seen as being contrary to the physics of the time. Video (3 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> || <span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Bohr Model of Hydrogen <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This ExploreLearning Gizmo allows the user to shoot a stream of photons through a container of hydrogen gas and then observe how photons of certain energies are absorbed and change the electrons' orbits. The spectrum of hydrogen can be constructed based on photons that are absorbed and emitted in the simulation. The resource also includes an exploration guide and assessment questions. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Bohr Model: Introduction <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This ExploreLearning Gizmo allows the user to fire photons from a laser to determine the spectrum of gases. Changes in the electron orbit and the emission of photons from an excited electron are observed and the energies of absorbed and emitted photons calculated based on energy level diagrams. An exploration guide and assessment questions are also included. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Spectral Lines <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Spectroscopes are used to analyze light. A gas displays lines of light with certain specific frequencies; a different spectrum for every element. The Balmer equation for the spectral lines of hydrogen was generalized by Robert Rydberg, and led to the discovery of the Rydberg constant. Video (2 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Star Spectra <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This ExploreLearning Gizmo enables the user to analyze the spectra of a variety of stars. Users can determine the elements that are represented in each spectrum and apply this information to infer the temperature and classification of the star. Users can also look for unusual features such as red-shifted stars, nebulas, and stars with large planets. An exploration guide and assessment questions are also included. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Energy Conversion in a System <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">In this ExploreLearning Gizmo, users investigate conversion of gravitational potential energy to heat energy, and factors relating heat energy and temperature. The simulation features a pulley system from which a falling object stirs a beaker of water. The mass and height of the cylinder, and the water's mass and initial temperature can be adjusted. Data is recorded in a table and displayed in dynamic line graphs as energy is converted. The resource also includes an exploration guide and assessment questions. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">De Broglie Wave Equation <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">The distinct spectral lines of hydrogen, as discovered by Niels Bohr, are reconciled with the wave nature of the orbiting electrons. Video (2 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Particles and Waves (Series: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle led to the development of quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, not only does light come in quanta called photons; electrons and other particles interfere like waves. Video (29 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Wave Particle Interference Pattern <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Probability is used to explain the wave-like diffraction pattern of particles. Video (1 minute) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> || <span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">The Alpha, Beta, and Gamma of Radiation <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This interactive resource from The Learning Federation simulates a radiation laboratory and allows students to explore the measurement of radiation from a range of isotopes. Students can choose an isotope, select a type of barrier, set the distance of the Geiger counter, and then record the amount of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Using the resource, students are able to test absorption effects of various materials on the radiation emission levels. Glossary terms, background information, and challenges to test and extend the student's knowledge are also included. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Nuclear Decay <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This ExploreLearning Gizmo enables the user to investigate the phenomenon of radioactivity. The simulation provides an overview of the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and electron capture. The type of decay and starting element are adjustable and animations of decay facilitate production of nuclear equations and hypotheses. The resource includes an exploration guide and assessment questions. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Half-life <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This ExploreLearning Gizmo allows the user to investigate the decay of radioactive substances. The half-life and the number of radioactive atoms may be manipulated and theoretical or random decay observed. Decay data from sample isotopes is recorded in a table and presented in a dynamic bar chart and line graph to support analysis. The resource includes an exploration guide and assessment questions. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Fission Control <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This interactive resource from The Learning Federation allows students to explore the conditions that produce the greatest amount of electricity in a simulated nuclear reactor. Students choose materials for the control rods and a coolant for the reactor core; they then manipulate the control rod levels and the coolant flow rate to test the effects. Glossary terms, background information, and challenges to test and extend students' knowledge are also included. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">The Alpha, Beta, and Gamma of Radiation <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This interactive resource from The Learning Federation simulates a radiation laboratory and allows students to explore the measurement of radiation from a range of isotopes. Students can choose an isotope, select a type of barrier, set the distance of the Geiger counter, and then record the amount of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Using the resource, students are able to test absorption effects of various materials on the radiation emission levels. Glossary terms, background information, and challenges to test and extend the student's knowledge are also included. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Exponential Growth and Decay - Activity A <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">This ExploreLearning Gizmo allows the user to discover the graph of the exponential growth or decay function. The initial amount and rate of growth or decay may be varied and the resultant changes to the graph observed and analyzed. The resource includes an exploration guide and assessment questions. Web <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> || <span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Atoms to Quarks (Series: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Electron waves confined by electric attraction to the nucleus helped resolve the dilemma of the atom and account for the periodic table of the elements. Nucleons also obey a kind of periodic table, following inner rules that led to the idea of quarks. This video explores the development of models and theories of the inner workings of the atom, with emphasis on the concept of quarks. Video (29 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Building the Periodic Table <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">The complexities of the natural chemical world (periodic table of the elements) can be reduced to three fundamental building blocks: the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus, electrons bound to the nucleus by the electric force, and the quantum mechanical rules of the game. Video (3 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Elementary Particles <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">The inner constituents of matter, called quarks, are discovered. Scientists first revealed smaller particles of matter from collisions in particle accelerators, then worked out the theoretical constructs used to explain the presence of these smaller components of neutrons and protons. Video (4 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Quantum Atom <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Quantum mechanics describes the behaviour of small particles, like electrons. The Schrodinger and Dirac equations for hydrogen atoms determine wave functions that describe the states available to hydrogen's single electron. The allowed electron cloud formation and the energy states for those electrons can be described by a set of quantum numbers (n, l, and m). Video (7 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Fundamental Forces (Series: The Mechanical Universe) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">A variety of phenomena in the universe can be described by four forces. Two nuclear forces (strong and weak) exist within the atomic nucleus. The fundamental force of gravity ranges across the universe. Electricity, the fourth fundamental force, binds the atoms of all matter. Video (29 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together, and acts over very short distances. Weak nuclear force is a very short-range interaction, restricted to ranges within the nucleus; it is a force about a billion times weaker than that of the strong force. Weak nuclear force is responsible for a variety of nuclear decay processes. For example, beta decay is a result of this force. Video (2 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Studying Nuclear Forces <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">An animation is used to explain how a particle accelerator works. Video (5 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Bohr Model and Schrodinger Model Compared <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">The essential difference of the quantum mechanical model is that the electron occupies a cloud instead of an orbit; however, the most probable radius of the orbit of the first electron at its lowest energy state is exactly equal to the values predicted by the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom. Video (2 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Models of the Atom <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">The progression from the Bohr model to the Schrodinger quantum mechanical model of the atom better explained the properties of the elements. Whereas Bohr's model explained the properties of hydrogen very precisely, the quantum mechanical model explained the elements of the entire periodic table to the same level of detail. Video (2 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Models, Theories and Fact <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Models of the atom have evolved in such a way as to give us a greater understanding of the inner workings of the atom. A progressive series of models of the atom is presented. Video (3 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Conservation of Momentum (Series: The Mechanical Universe) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">If the mechanical universe is a perpetual clock, what keeps it ticking? Taking a clue from René Descartes, momentum (the product of mass and velocity) is always conserved. Newton's laws embody the concept of conservation of momentum. Video (29 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Summary - Particle Accelerator <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">Dr. Goodstein explains that collisions are the only way we can study the subatomic world. Included is an animated tour of a particle accelerator, which utilizes collisions between subatomic particles to study their properties. Video (5 minutes) <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #fdfef5; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> ||
 * ==<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Students will // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">describe the electrical nature of the atom. == || ==<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Students will // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">describe the quantization of energy in atoms and nuclei. == || ==<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Students will // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">describe nuclear fission and fusion as powerful energy sources in nature. == || ==<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Students will // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">describe the ongoing development of models of the structure of matter. == ||
 * <span style="background-color: #c5eafc; color: #006497; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;">Element Builder